Doctors' Association for Social Equality

"Study! Service!! Struggle!!!"

Search Our Site

by

Dr. Umesh Kapil, Professor, AIIMS


NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION (NRHM): WILL IT MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
Since independence, the country has created a vast public health infrastructure of Sub-centres, Public Health Centres (PHCs) and Community Health Centres (CHCs). There is also a large cadre of health care providers (Auxiliary Nurse Midwives, Male Health workers, Lady Health Visitors and Health Assistant Male). Yet, this vast infrastructure is able to cater to only 20% of the population, while 80% of healthcare needs are still being provided by the private sector (1). Rural India is suffering from a long-standing healthcare problem. Studies have shown that only one trained healthcare provider including a doctor with any degree is available per every 16 villages. Although, more than 70% of its population lives in rural areas, but only 20% of the total hospital beds are located in rural area. Most of the health problems that people suffer in the rural community and in urban slums suffer are preventable and easily treatable. In view of the above issues, the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) has been launched by Government of India (GOI).
What is NRHM ?
The National Rural Health Mission (2005-12) was launched in April 2005 by GOI. It seeks to provide effective healthcare to rural population throughout the country with special focus on 18 states, which have weak public health indicators and/or weak infrastructure. These States are Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya, Madhya Pradesh, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh. GOI would provide funding for key components in these 18 high focus States(1).
The NRHM will cover all the villages in these 18 states through approximately 2.5 lakh village-based "Accredited Social Health Activists" (ASHA) who would act as a link between the health centers and the villagers. One ASHA will be raised from every village or cluster of villages, across 18 states. The ASHA would be trained to advise village populations about Sanitation, Hygiene, Contraception, and Immunization to provide Primary Medical Care for Diarrhea, Minor Injuries, and Fevers; and to escort patients to Medical Centers. They would also be expected to deliver direct observed short course therapy for tuberculosis and oral rehydration to give folic acid tablets and chloroquine to patients and to alert authorities to unusual outbreaks. ASHA will receive performance-based compensation for promoting universal immunization, referral and escort services for RCH, construction of house- hold toilets, and other health care delivery programs(2).
Goals and strategies
The goals of the NRHM includes:
a) Reduction in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR);
b) Universal access to integrated comprehensive public health services;
c) Child health, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene;
d) Prevention and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases, including locally endemic diseases;
e) Population stabilization, gender and demographic balance;
f) Revitalize local health traditions and main-stream Ayurvedic, Yoga, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy Systems of Health (AYUSH);
g) Promotion of healthy life styles(1).
The strategies to achieve the goals includes:
a) Train and enhance capacity of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) to own, control and manage public health services;
b) Health plan for each village through Village Health Committee of the Panchayat;
c) Strengthening sub-center through an untied fund to enable local planning and action (each sub-center will have an Untied Fund for local action at Rs. 10,000 per annum). This Fund will be deposited in a joint Bank Account of the ANM and Sarpanch and operated by the ANM, in consultation with the Village Health Committee, and more Multi Purpose Workers (MPWs);
d) Provision of 24 hour service in 50% PHCs by addressing shortage of doctors, especially in high focus States, through mainstreaming AYUSH manpower,
e) Preparation and implementation of an intersectoral District Health Plan prepared by the District Health Mission, including drinking water, sanitation and hygiene and nutrition;
f) Integrating vertical Health and Family Welfare programs at National, State, Block, & District levels.
The duration of NHRM will be from 2005 to 2012. The total allocation for the Departments of Health and Family Welfare has been hiked from Rs. 8,420 crores to Rs. 10,820 crores in the budget proposals for the year 2005-06.
Constraints in NRHM
However, the constraints in NRHM are:
1. There is no data from pilot studies on the technical, operational and administrative feasibility of NRHM implementation in any state of the country. There is no corrective action plan in case of failures.
2. Increasing Budgetary allocation is not sufficient to ensure success of a program. For instance, for making institutional deliveries a reality it would require availability of all weather roads and transport facilities from the villages to the hospital where patient friendly trained proactive staff with support facilities are available to conduct the deliveries. However in reality, it would not be uncommon to find the SC/PHC / CHC tangentially located in a rural area because of the political consideration rather on population needs. Beneficiaries still have to travel long distances to reach these health centers to avail facilities. The strengthening of infrastructure such as the FRUs under CSSM and RCH-I programmes remain under or non-utilized. The new mission is being launched without taking stock of our failures with previous programs.
3. The currently available regular village level health functionary (at a salary of Rs. 8-10 thousand per month) is infrequently available. It is envisaged that this lacunae will be bridged by ASHA, who being a local resident would be available in the village and act as a link in the provision of primary health care services to the community. Infact, the introduction of ASHA rather than enhancing the ANMs performance, may actually increase the existing indiscipline amongst the regular village level health functionaries. There appears to be some ambivalence in the role and location of the ASHA. She is to act as a bridge between the ANM and the village and, at the same time, she is to be accountable to the panchayat. When the ANM (who is a functionary of the Health Department) herself is not accountable to the panchayat, how is the ASHA supposed to do the balancing act between the ANM and the panchayat?
4. ASHA and Voluntary Health Guide (VHG) scheme launched in 1977 are almost similar in characteristics and philosophy ( peoples' participation in the care of their own health). The fate of the VHG scheme is well known. It is not clear if the lessons learnt from that failure have been taken into account when planning to launch the NRHM.
5. For village level health functionaries, a better vigil with inbuilt mechanism for prompt disciplinary action, including termination of job of the offender is urgently required, which should not be mixed up with politics and personal vendetta. Local populace and the care seekers have stopped airing their views and problems, which if at all are more often than not, never heard and no remedial action is instituted(3).
6. The NRHM ignores the urban population which constitute now more than 30% of the population. The health parameters in the urban population is similar or at times even.
7. The mission has a high priority on training, especially as new components such as supply of AYUSH drugs have been added. According to the projections made, for an unit of 100 ASHAs which would be in each block of 100,000 population the total cost of training would be Rs. 741,500. In a district with 12-15 blocks, about 1 crore of Rupees will be avail-able for training of ASHA. As with most programs in the past, a greater part of the mission's tenure will be spent on training with little or no time to assess the impact.
Optimizing Success
A few suggestions that may help optimizing success of NRHM are:
A. The NRHM should have active participation of Academic Community from Medical Colleges in the country. At least senior faculty member with interest in Public Health should monitor 2-3 districts and facilitate the implementation of the NRHM. The faculty of Medical Colleges should be given responsibility to visit the district and provide catalytic role in training of the ASHAs.
B. A system of concurrent evaluation of the Mission activities needs to be developed and data should be generated for undertaking immediate corrective action.
C. For implementation of NRHM, more flexible and be user friendly guidelines should be made for the State / District / Block rather than the central monolithic norms which are routinely issued by Government Of India. This would help in judicious utilization of funds. The benefits of the underprivileged population should be main considerations rather then procedural formalities while implementing the mission.
D. The ASHA should not be confined to dispensing services for a few selected vertical programs over the larger part of 12 months, as it will result in the neglect and erosion of other components of primary health care. A prime example is the erosion of routine immunization services related to intensive pulse polio immunization resulting in stagnation in under-5 and infant mortality and reemergence of vaccine preventable diseases such as Diphtheria And Pertussis(5-7).
E. The ASHA should be given a reasonable sum to support herself and her family so that she should not be made subservient to the ANM and the Anganwadi Worker.
F. What is presently needed is developing a comprehensive strategy and deciding what are our health priorities. Increasing budget and number of functionaries is not the answer to health problems faced by rural population. There is an urgent need of motivating and tightening of the regular health functionaries of the existing system. ASHA would be of great help to the remote villages but can not be a replacement of the regular trained health functionaries of the health system. If the health functionaries are busy for 8 month for one communicable disease and one micronutrient, all the other component of primary health care would definitely neglected.
Submitted By
Dr. Umesh Kapil, Professor,
Public Health Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition,
All India Institute of Medical Sciences,
New Delhi 110 029, India. E-mail: umeshkapil@yahoo.com
Dr. Panna Chaudhary *Consultant Pediatrician,
Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital
New Delhi 110 002. E-mail: pannachoudhury@gmail.com

References
1. National Rural Health Mission 2005-2012, Mission document, Ministry of Health and Family welfare, Government of India 2005.
2. Mudur G. India launches national rural health mission. BMJ 2005; 23: 330: 920.
3. John SO. Health care is paradox in India. BMJ 2005; 330: 1330.
4. Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication--India, January 2004-May 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005; 54: 655-659.
5. Singhal T, Lodha R, Kapil A, Jain Y, Kabra SK. Diphtheria-down but not out. Indian Pediatr 2000; 37: 728-738.
6. Lodha R, Dash NR, Kapil A, Kabra SK. Diphtheria in urban slums in north India. Lancet 2000;15: 355: 204.
7. Diphtheria, measles on a killing spree. The Times of India, New Delhi, 2004; pp 12.

Source: The Hindu http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/08/09/stories/2007080950660100.htm

Thiruvananthapuram: The Government has decided to impose one-year Compulsory Rural Service (CRS) on students passing the MBBS/ Medical PG degree/DNB or Diploma from Government-run Medical Colleges.
It will be mandatory for those students also who secure admission for medical PG/DNB or Diploma courses under Government quota in self-financing and cooperative medical colleges.
The doctors will be given a monthly pay of Rs.15,000 with an additional Rs.5,000 for those serving in difficult rural areas. The decision was taken at a high-level meeting convened by Health Secretary Vishwas Mehta here on Tuesday.
The Government has also decided that it will send advisory to the State Public Service Commission to debar candidates who have not fulfilled the CRS obligation, from seeking employment in either State or Central Government service. Doctors will not be considered eligible to appear for any higher examination unless they have completed one-year CRS.
The diploma students, however, need do rural service of only six months this year. From next year onwards, this will be for a year.

The Government has also made it clear that it may enforce the regulation of the Medical Council of India, which says that action be taken against a physician posted in a rural area, if he is found to be absent on more than two occasions during inspection by Health Department authorities.
Legal action and cancellation of registration will also be considered against those doctors who fail to fulfil the bonded obligation to serve in rural areas, the Government has warned.
The decision to cut short the CRS for medical PG students from two years to one year has been welcomed by the Junior Doctors’ Forum, which had been actively campaigning for this.
The bonded obligation on PG doctors to work for two years for the Government on a monthly pay of Rs.15,000 had met with stiff resistance.






From http://in.news.yahoo.com/071101/211/6mpo4.html

Six-year-old Prakash’s parents came to Mumbai all the way from Rewa in Madhya Pradesh to get him treated for an acute heart problem. But, inspite of taking an appointment for Thursday, they were asked to come back later as resident doctors across Maharashtra's medical colleges were on a strike.

“We have been asked to come later, now we don't have money for all this,” Prakash's mother, Seema Manglani said.

Mumbai witnessed many banner-wielding agitators on Thursday but they certainly did not conform to the image of compassionate doctors. The agitating doctors were protesting against the government's decision to impose compulsory rural internships for every course after MBBS.

According to the new course guidelines, three years of internship is required after post graduation and five years internship after super specialisation, increasing the total education time to 22 years.

However, doctors say rural hospitals are not equipped enough to afford them satisfactory practice.

"If government doesn’t have infrastructure at municipal and basic levels how is it telling that infrastructure is waiting for us there,” member of the Maharashtra Association of Resident Doctors, Dr. Vasant said.

Like every other citizen the doctor also has the right to follow a profession of his choice the way he wants to, but the corollary is – what about the patients' right to a normal and healthy life?

(With inputs from Aruna Ramesh)

From http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/09/13/stories/2007091354441003.htm

On rural service









The decision of the Union Health Ministry to introduce compulsory rural service for medical students needs to be coupled with legislation which ensures basic facilities for doctors who are posted in the villages. Most of the government health facilities are in a sorry state. They are left to fend for themselves when it comes to infrastructure and support staff. Most of the quarters available for the medical staff are in a dilapidated state. If the work atmosphere is good, there are excellent avenues for professional growth and research, and there is transparency in recruitment and transfers, many of our doctors will remain in government hospitals, rural or urban.

Jeevan Kuruvilla,

Vellore

* * *

The concept of compulsory rural service is no doubt noble. But the plight of doctors posted in villages is miserable. There is virtually no infrastructure and there is acute shortage of medicines, communication facilities, and ambulance services. Doctors can hardly discharge their duties. Students will simply while away their time to fulfil the mandatory requirement. It will turn out to be a national waste.

K.R.P. Gupta,

New York

* * *

If students are forced to serve in the rural areas, villagers will become guinea pigs. Doctors with some years of practice should be asked to serve in the villages. Their licences should be renewed only if they do so.

C.G. Senthilkumar,

Washington

* * *

A fresh graduate is himself a learner. Agreed, there is a dire need for doctors in villages but not inexperienced ones. Why should young doctors be made scapegoats to camouflage the government’s failure to upgrade the infrastructure in the PHCs? The cause would be better served if adequate diagnostic facilities, beds and paramedical staff are provided in village medical centres.

Shivam Sharma,

Aligarh

* * *

What will happen if defence personnel refuse postings in the border areas or hostile terrains citing various reasons? The students of medicine should look at the one-year rural posting as an opportunity to serve the poor who are desperately in need of good doctors. One year will pass, but the commitment to serve the poor will be strengthened.

V. Balachander,

Thanjavur

* * *

The medicos should understand that the opportunity to serve the rural people is a godsend to them. Earning the respect and love of poor villagers is more valuable than money.

G.N. Devaraj,

Bhavanisagar

* * *

I am of the view that compulsory rural service should be extended to all professionals. Engineers should be sent to villages to sort out water supply and sanitation issues and assist in the construction of roads and bridges. Veterinary surgeons can improve the condition and yield of livestock. Students of law can ensure that legal disputes are nipped in the bud. Teachers should be compulsorily attached to rural schools.
And all people’s representatives should be forced to spend at least one week every month in villages and obtain a certificate from the panchayat. These steps will ensure the overall improvement of rural areas and reduce the movement of villagers to cities.

Vinod Garg,

Hyderabad

Copyright: 1995 - 2006 The Hindu

From http://www.indiaenews.com/health/20071025/77129.htm

The tenure of short service commission (SSC) doctors in the Armed Forces Medical Service (AFMS) has been extended from 10 to 14 years, with the cabinet Thursday approving the move.

'With the extended tenure, SSC doctors will also be eligible for time-scale promotions as applicable to permanent commission doctors,' Information and Broadcasting Minister Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi told reporters here after a cabinet meeting presided over by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.

'This decision will help mitigate the shortage of officers in the AFMS. It will bring about parity with the existing time scale promotions available to the permanent commissioned officers and meet the career aspirations of SSC officers in the AFMS,' Dasmunsi added.

The existing 10-year tenure of SSC officers in the AFMS was based on the tenure earlier prevalent in the three services, a defence ministry background note said.

'However, the total tenure of SSC officers in the three services has already been increased from 10 to 14 years. Therefore, there was a need for revision of tenure of SSC officers of the AFMS on a similar pattern,' the note stated.

'The AFMS cadre is also experiencing a shortage of doctors due to a high rate of attrition. This (extended tenure) will reduce the deficiency and the experience of (SSC) officers can also be utilised for a longer tenure,' the note added.

From http://www.indiaenews.com/politics/20070907/69196.htm

From correspondents in Tamil Nadu, India, 10:30 PM IST

Union Health Minister Anbumani Ramadoss may have good intentions but even in his home state Tamil Nadu, his allies the DMK and the Left parties are opposed to his suggestion that medical college students be given their degrees only when they complete a year's service in rural areas.

Ramadoss' proposal was criticised Friday by Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi even as the minister announced the country's first 200-acre medical park, to be set up in Chengalpet, outside Chennai, as a major manufacturing centre for high-end medical hardware.

He said that most medical students came from rural areas and that, 'there could not be two opinions that medical students should have concern for the rural people'.

However, the extension of the medical programme (for the MBBS degree) by one year for rural service 'is not acceptable', Karunanidhi said.

Ramadoss had drawn criticism Wednesday from the Left parties that supported a black badge demo by medical students across the state.

Communist Party of India state secretary D. Pandian said that a majority of the students were from rural areas, 'but the government should not increase the duration of the MBBS course, as it would affect the students, particularly the girls'.

Speaking in Tindivanam on Monday, the health minister had told the media that his ministry was mulling a proposal to award the degree from next year 'only to those who complete rural postings'.

He said, 30,000 medical graduates across the country will have to work for four months each in the district headquarter hospitals, taluka hospitals and primary health centres under the supervision of the district medical officer.

Following this, on Wednesday, medical students across Tamil Nadu went on a flash strike. Nearly 1,300 students and house surgeons, including 500 girls staged a black-badge demonstration.



திருச்சியில் மருத்துவக் கல்லூரி மாணவர்கள் ஆர்ப்பாட்டம்
திருச்சி, அக். 23: மருத்துவக் கல்லூரி மாணவர்களிடம் அளித்த உறுதிமொழியை மத்திய அமைச்சர் மீறுவதாகக் கூறி, அவரைக் கண்டித்து திருச்சி கி.ஆ.பெ.விசுவநாதம் மருத்துவக் கல்லூரி மாணவர்கள் செவ்வாய்க்கிழமை ஆர்ப்பாட்டம் நடத்தினர்.
"எம்பிபிஎஸ் படிப்புக் காலத்தை ஐந்தரை ஆண்டுகளிலிருந்து ஆறரை ஆண்டுகளாக உயர்த்துவது தொடர்பான பிரச்னையைத் தொடர்ந்து, மாணவர்களுடன் பேச்சுவார்த்தை நடத்திய மத்திய சுகாதாரத் துறை அமைச்சர், கோரிக்கைகளை உயர்நிலைக் குழு அமைத்து பரிசீலிப்பதாக உறுதி அளித்தார்.
ஆனால், தற்போது அவர் உறுதிமொழியை மீறி செயல்பட்டு வருகிறார். மேலும், தமிழக மருத்துவ மாணவர்களை வட மாநிலங்களில் கட்டாயமாகப் பணி அமர்த்தவும் முயற்சி செய்து வருகிறார்.
மத்திய அமைச்சரின் இந்த நடவடிக்கையைக் கண்டித்து, திருச்சி மருத்துவக் கல்லூரி மாணவர்கள் மற்றும் பயிற்சி மருத்துவர்கள் கருப்புப் பட்டை அணிந்து வகுப்புக்குச் சென்றனர்.
இதைத் தொடர்ந்து, தமிழ்நாடு மருத்துவ மாணவர்கள் கூட்டமைப்பு சார்பில் கல்லூரி வாயிலில் மாலை ஆர்ப்பாட்டம் நடைபெற்றது.
கூட்டமைப்பின் மாநில அமைப்பாளர் எஸ். வரபிரசாத் ஆர்ப்பாட்டத்துக்குத் தலைமை வகித்து, கோரிக்கைகளை விளக்கிப் பேசினார். கொட்டும் மழையில் நடைபெற்ற ஆர்ப்பாட்டத்தில் நூற்றுக்கும் மேற்பட்ட மருத்துவக் கல்லூரி மாணவ, மாணவிகள் பங்கேற்றனர்.

From http://www.hinduonnet.com/2007/10/24/stories/2007102457690300.htm

TIRUCHI: The announcement of Union Minister Anbumani Ramadoss on Friday that the proposal on one-year compulsory rural medical stint for the students would be drafted by December triggered vociferous protests from the student fraternity in the city.

About 120 house surgeons and 450 undergraduates and postgraduates took to roads after college hours on Tuesday, bracing heavy downpour. They raised slogans demanding the withdrawal of the directive.

Earlier, the students attended classes wearing black badges as a mark of protest.

Two representatives from 13 medical colleges in Tamil Nadu would meet shortly and discuss further course of action. The Tamil Nadu Medical Students’ Association (TNMSA) has contacted the medical student’s association of AIIMS, JIPMER, and medical colleges in Orissa and Maharastra in a bid to organise a nation-wide protest.


DOCTORS’ ASSOCIATION FOR SOCIAL EQUALITY
[Regd. No. 322/2004]
# 41, Chavadi Street, Pallavaram, Chennai – 600 043 Tamil Nadu.
Phone: 044 – 2264 3561, 2264 2790, Fax: 044 – 2264 3562, Cell: 94441 83776, 9940664343
Email: daseindia@yahoo.com, dasetn@yahoo.com, daseindia@gmail.com, www.daseindia.org

Date: 22/10/2007

PRESS MEET INVITATION

To
The News Editor,


Dear Sir,

On behalf of our organization a Press Meet will be held. Kindly send your reporter and publish our news.

Date : 23/10/2007 – Tuesday
Time : 12.00 Noon
Venue : Chennai Press Club
S – 5, Government Estate, Anna Salai, Chennai – 2.

Subject : Compulsory Rural Service. Next course of Action.

Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,
Dr. G.R. Ravindranath
General Secretary,
DASE.

From http://www.hinduonnet.com/2006/09/30/stories/2006093018270500.htm
A function planned in Madurai on October 7

CHENNAI : The Doctors' Association for Social Equality will organise a function in Madurai on October 7 where Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi will be felicitated, said G. R. Ravindranath, general secretary of the association, here on Friday.

Addressing presspersons, Dr. Ravindranath said the function was organised to thank the Government for its announcement of job permanency for temporary doctors and for its attempts to resolve other issues relating to the Health Department.

The day's event scheduled at Raja Muthiah Mandram in Madurai would begin with a social equality conference at 10 a.m. and Dr. Vasantha Kandasamy would inaugurate the programme.

M. Naganathan, Deputy Chairman, State Planning Commission, C. Mahendran, State Assistant Secretary, CPI, and N. Sethuraman, president of Moovendar Munnetra Kazhagam were expected to participate in the programme.

In the evening on the same day, a felicitation programme would be organised in which Mr. Karunanidhi would release a souvenir.

M. Krishnaswamy, TNCC (I) president, S. Ramadoss, founder, PMK, K. Veeramani, Dravidar Kazhagam president, T. Pandian, State Secretary, CPI, and N. Varadharajan, State Secretary, CPI (M), would participate in the programme, Dr. Ravindranath added.

Protest against `caste discrimination'
Staff Reporter


UP IN ARMS: Members of the Progressive Medicos and Scientists Forum protesting against "caste discrimination" at AIIMS in New Delhi on Thursday. Photo: Anu Pushkarna
NEW DELHI: Demanding strict action based on the findings of the recently released Thorat Committee report on caste discrimination at the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) here, senior faculty members, resident doctors and students of AIIMS and Maulana Azad Medical College held a dharna at Jantar Mantar in the Capital on Thursday under the banner of Progressive Medicos and Scientists Forum (PMSF).
Stern action demanded
"We demand stern and efficacious action against individuals identified by the Thorat Committee, who have been involved in perpetuating caste-based discrimination at AIIMS. The committee has clearly highlighted the role of AIIMS director P. Venugopal in playing a pro-active role in the organisation of the anti-reservation agitation,'' said PMSF spokesperson Vikas Bajpai. "From the report of the committee, what was being referred to as allegations of caste discrimination till yesterday have now been documented as evidenced facts,'' he added.

The protestors are demanding that Dr. Venugopal be removed from the post of AIIMS Director with immediate effect in the larger public interest. "We also want the Government to redress the loss suffered by individual students, resident doctors and faculty members belonging to the reserved category due to acts of omission and commission of the Institute administration. Also, the recommendations made by the committee to resolve the caste discrimination on the campus should be given effect to,'' said a PMSF member.

The protesters also claimed that while the Prime Minister had found time to meet the anti-reservation group, requests by PMSF to meet him had not been taken into consideration. A PMSF delegation later submitted a memorandum to the Lok Sabha Speaker inviting the attention of Parliament to the issue.

Flash News - Exam Alerts

Get DASE Announcements and News by SMS

Our Site is seen from

Regular Readers